- Nominative / Mianownik: Kto? Co?
- Genitive / Dopełniacz: Kogo? Czego?
- Dative / Celownik: Komu? Czemu?
- Accusative / Biernik: Kogo? Co?
- Instrumental / Narzędnik: z Kim? z Czym?
- Locative / Miejscownik: o Kim? o Czym?
- Vocative / Wołacz: O!
1. Nominative / Mianownik: Kto? Co?
- subject of the sentence
- indicates possession, most senses of 'of'
- indicates indirect object (to or for something is done)
- indicates direct object (thing perceived by or acted on by the subject)
- indicates means by which something is done (by tram, with a pen)
- used with certain prepositions
- direct address